低碳经济下的秦皇岛休闲农业发展研究

秦皇岛市作为休闲度假旅游胜地,在实施＂旅游立市＂发展战略中把休闲农业作为一个新的经济增长点,在应对低碳时代的发展要求、发展休闲农业方面做出积极实践。通过分析低碳经济下发展休闲农业的必要性和秦皇岛休闲农业的发展现状,提出秦皇岛休闲农业发展的对策和路径选择。     

长江经济带区域创新绩效时空特征分析

创新已成为知识经济时代区域发展的重要动力,运用DEA-Malmquist指数测度长江经济带区域创新绩效水平、空间结构及变化趋势等,通过Ward聚类对相似绩效水平的地区进行分组,具体分析不同发展阶段区域创新绩效特征及问题解决路径。实证研究证明:长江经济带整体绩效整体水平不高,经济核心区多通过大量物质投入及资源消耗实现创新体量增加而并非通过创新资源的充分利用实现,如何提升已有技术资源的利用率却被忽视;处于不同发展阶段且具有相似绩效水平的区域各自表现出包括资源规模与投入、产出不匹配,投入冗余或产出不足等方面的不同特征及创新问题,处于相似发展阶段经济水平差异大的地区其具体创新绩效提升途径也具有一定差异性。     

Evaluation of Methods for Delineating Riparian Zones in a Semi‐Arid Montane Watershed

Riparian zones in semi‐arid, mountainous regions provide a disproportionate amount of the available wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. Despite their importance, there is little guidance on the best way to map riparian zones for broad spatial extents (e.g., large watersheds) when detailed maps from field data or high‐resolution imagery and terrain data are not available. Using well‐established accuracy metrics (e.g., kappa, precision, computational complexity), we evaluated eight methods commonly used to map riparian zones. Focusing on a semi‐arid, mountainous watershed, we found that the most accurate and robust method for mapping riparian zones combines data on upstream drainage area and valley topography. That method performed best regardless of stream order, and was most effective when implemented with fine resolution topographic and stream line data. Other commonly used methods to model riparian zones, such as those based on fixed‐width buffers, yielded inaccurate results. We recommend that until very‐high resolution (<1 m) elevation data are available at broad extents, models of riparian zones for semi‐arid mountainous regions should incorporate drainage area, valley topography, and quantify uncertainty.     

充满生机、前景广阔的再生资源产业

近年来,再生资源产业发展迅速,显示了其广阔的发展前景。以汨罗市再生资源产业发展为例,探讨再生资源产业广阔的发展前景。     

关于有序填海的思路与方法

填海造陆在扩展土地和发展经济的同时也对海岸带环境造成了不利影响。将有序人类活动贯穿于整个填海造陆过程,通过科学合理的规划、组织和实施而进行有序填海,从而增加填海造陆的积极效应,限制其破坏性影响,是实现海岸带可持续发展的必由之路。整体性、矛盾论、动态平衡和因地制宜是有序填海的基本观点。要实现有序填海,首先必须在对填海造陆的效益和损失进行科学评价的基础上进行可行性论证,然后制定不同尺度的填海规划并确定填海造陆的适宜规模,最后利用一系列有效方法加以实施,包括：维护海岸带自然系统功能、完善监督管理制度、实行生态补偿与生态系统重建、加速改良填海区环境等。     

Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal

Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to evaluate solid waste data collected from 336 households in KMC. This information was combined with data collected regarding waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets. The study found that 497.3 g capita(-1) day(-1) of solid waste was generated from households and 48.5, 113.3 and 26.1 kg facility(-1) day(-1) of waste was generated from restaurants, hotels and schools, respectively. Street litter measured 69.3 metric tons day(-1). The average municipal solid waste generation rate was 523.8 metric tons day(-1) or 0.66 kg capita(-1) day(-1) as compared to the 320 metric tons day(-1) reported by the city. The coefficient of correlation between the number of people and the amount of waste produced was 0.94. Key household waste constituents included 71% organic wastes, 12% plastics, 7.5% paper and paper products, 5% dirt and construction debris and 1% hazardous wastes. Although the waste composition varied depending on the source, the composition analysis of waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets showed a high percentage of organic wastes. These numbers suggest a greater potential for recovery of organic wastes via composting and there is an opportunity for recycling. Because there is no previous inquiry of this scale in reporting comprehensive municipal solid waste generation in Nepal, this study can be treated as a baseline for other Nepalese municipalities.     

基于性能化防火设计的建筑“准安全区”判定方法

为判定人员疏散过程中"准安全区"的安全性,采用基于性能化防火设计的方法对建筑"准安全区"的安全性进行判定。"准安全区"内烟气热辐射、烟气能见度及有毒气体等有害因素的指标必须达到"准安全区"规定的指标要求。发生火灾时,"准安全区"内距离地面2 m以下烟气层温度不应超过60℃,烟气层能见度不应小于10 m,烟气层CO浓度不应大于5×10-4mol/mol。工程应用中可根据"准安全区"各性能判定标准,通过火灾模拟软件模拟分析火灾场景下"准安全区"内各有害因素的性能参数分布,对"准安全区"的安全性进行定性、定量评估。     

大型水体下顶水安全开采的可行性研究

在大型水体下顶水采煤,一方面要确保煤矿井下安全生产,同时要保护地表水资源不被破坏。基于峰峰矿区小屯矿的地质采矿条件,在分析与评价上覆岩层结构的基础上,选取水体下11个计算特征点,探讨上覆岩层破坏高度、防水安全煤岩柱及安全煤岩柱最小富余尺寸,绘制各类等值线图。采用概率积分法,从下沉、倾斜、水平变形和裂缝深度等方面,研究分析顶水开采后水体底部所受的采动影响。结果表明,在特定的地质采矿条件下,各工作面开采以后,上覆岩层中导水裂隙带发育的最大标高与基岩顶部之间具有较厚的岩柱,导水裂隙带不会波及到地表水体,水体底部的地表移动变形较小,不会影响到矿井安全生产,在大型水体下顶水采煤是安全可行的。     

水污染防治成套技术系统成熟度评估方法研究:以湖滨带生态修复技术评估为例

在水专项技术就绪度评估准则的基础上,对水污染防治成套技术成熟度进行研究,并以湖滨带生态修复技术为例进行实例验证。成套技术成熟度不仅与技术成熟度有关,还与技术之间的集成成熟度有关,采用系统成熟度矩阵算法计算成套技术成熟度。通过对湖滨带生态修复技术"十一五之前"、"十一五"、"十二五"系统成熟度评估,对湖滨带生态修复技术发展情况进行掌控,结果表明发展程度较低的技术是制约整个系统成熟度的瓶颈。     

洱海沙坪湾湖滨带不同植被带中细菌分布特征

湖滨带是湖泊保护的重要屏障,其不同植被带中的细菌对入湖污染物降解起重要作用.为研究不同植被带中的细菌分布,以洱海沙坪湾湖滨带为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序方法,对其中AG(乔草植被带)、EP(挺水植被带)、SP(沉水植被带)和UV(无植被带)的土壤或沉积物中的细菌多样性和群落结构进行研究.结果表明:湖滨带植被带中细菌种类丰富,共有54个门、106个纲、192个目、334个科和503个属被检测到,细菌的OTUs从高到低依次为EP(3 162个)、AG(2 926个)、UV(2 709个)和SP(2 427个),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从高到低依次为EP(10.14)、AG(9.75)、SP(9.44) 和UV(9.26);湖滨带植被带中主要细菌类群是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(AG,48.55%;EP,47.83%;SP,40.36%;UV,44.00%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(AG,19.30%;EP,5.31%;SP,5.67%;UV,6.30%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(AG,6.01%;EP,8.24%;SP,3.96%;UV,13.13%)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(AG,3.98%;EP,8.91%;SP,8.95%;UV,7.59%),主要类群在不同植被带中占比不同;植被带类型对细菌的群落结构特征影响不大,但对细菌种群的多样性影响较大.典型对应分析(CCA)结果显示,w(TP)、pH和w(OM)(OM为有机质)是影响不同植被带细菌种群结构的主要环境因子.